What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful

What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful? Marketing is not only making customers interested in buying a product and spreading your brand throughout the world, but also about building long lasting relationship based on trust, because the clients feel interested to buy your products trusting on your words and you must believe in honesty to be the best policy.Some people may think this as an impossible proposition because the immediate fruit of honesty in all occasions of business is not always sweet but if you dream of aking your business a time-tested success, the first thing that should be kept in mind is the bond between customer and the marketer. To be a successful marketing manager one must have the following qualities: Unquenchable Thirst for Knowledge: Never attain satiety in business, always try new limits, experiment and discover new boundaries. Be an Observer: A lot can be learnt from the fellow entrepreneurs.You must possess an open mind to accept diverse ideas from mu ltiple places, your friends and competitors alike and be a keen observer to notice minute details of marketing trategy. Persistent Effort: Persistency is one of the most needed qualities of a successful marketing professional. Being persistent is the quality of possessing the concentration and aptitude to try and stick to one about-to-be-effective point in spite of thousands of difficulties and oppositions. It is natural to stumble in a Journey through uneven roads where challenges are regular, but what matters it whether you continue walking or not.Positivity of mind: Do not take a lot of tension on your head. Anxiety often makes things more disastrous than they actually would be. So, Just do your Job, build customer relationship, stick to your policies and most importantly enjoy doing your job. Tolerance and Acceptance: It is not possible that you will be always meeting clients with exact ideal nature, who understand your points and reasonably demands everything. You may come acro ss a bunch of people who possess bent of minds that do not match with you.Experimenting: Experimenting with new ideas, technologies, companies and rospective customer base has always proved to be beneficial. every moment from every opportunity. Strong Decisions: Every business decision should be taken without hesitation. If you feel sure about the positive outcome, you have to dare to face the opposition of others for the benefit of the business and if possible make them understand your views. Check the details of Start-up companies: Do not rush into a tie with new companies before checking their details. References: http://classofl . com/homework-help/marketing-homework-help/

The contemporary versus the historic

Interventions, the modern-day versus the historic, timeless or tendency, sympathetic or indurate? An probe into the relationship between historic architecture and modern-day intercessions, An penetration into ‘Britishness ‘ and the contention of changing historical edifices. There are presently a batch of high profile physiques which involve an old edifice deriving a new add-on, an illustration being the programs for the Tate Modern art gallery extension, ( FIG ) which has been really controversial and created a split in sentiments, but why? Is it due to the proposed construction being such a contrast to the bing ex-industrial pallet of brick and masonry or is it due to people non wishing the aesthetic of the new design, or is it something different all together. Why are these type of undertakings so controversial? What is it about the deliberate contrast of manners that separates diehards from modernist minds so strongly? Are these old edifices being utilized better with their new add-ons or is it merely a craze, which like Modernism will intend the edifices may be seen as useless or uneffective constructions that will be demolished and replaced in a affair of decennaries. Understanding this theory better involves looking at why these edifices have had Contemporary add-ons added to the bing construction, whether they have been rheniums purposed, saved from destruction, been given a new rental of life, or have merely been enlarged. Looking at specific illustrations will find whether or non the add-ons have been successful or unsuccessful and whether the alteration has genuinely been in the edifices best involvements or is merely portion of a tendency which is merely an architectural ‘gimmick ‘ , which may or may non stand the trial of clip. The junction between historic and Contemporary stuffs is besides an of import factor of this meeting of manners, for illustration the designer behind the Public Library in Landau, Germany, Lamott Architekten commented that â€Å" the point of which the former outer wall has been perforated are rendered as lesions. â€Å" , Does the daintiness of the concurrence between stuffs consequence negative call in relation to the historic edifice, does the new design have regard for the bing construction, whether or non there is any major supplanting of any historic rock work, or any original characteristics which are covered up or overshadowed by the new development. Are these add-ons portion of the changeless extension of edifices that has occurred for 100s of old ages, or is at that place something about modern-day architecture that makes it different to manners of the yesteryear. Is it what some people see as the edifice organically altering and turning, or is this motion a reaction to t he recent environmental stance to architectural design, and merely a manner to recycle old edifice instead than pulverizing them, and changing them to be more energy efficient. Is there demand for a more restrictive or a more accepting attack to be aftering for these sort of undertakings, or do the limitations mean that merely the best designs are put frontward, and if ordinances were non in topographic point would many historic edifices would be ruined by severely designed or ill planned intercessions or is at that place merely excessively much bureaucratism and junior-grade ordinances maintaining advancement to the bare lower limit and standing in the manner of landmark undertakings. Would it be better for a edifice to be transformed into a modern-day useable edifice, when the option is for it be left to degrade and to be forgotten. In concern with Britain in peculiar is the corporate reservedness keeping modern-day architecture and advancement in the designed environment back? Will this phenomena ruin our historical edifices stock and confound our state ‘s heritage, or is there a more positive impact on society that can be sought from good designed modern-day architecture. The usage of the word ‘statement ‘ plays a large portion of this argument, is this motion entirely about making a statement piece of modern-day design merely to do an impact, or will it turn out to hold more deepness, and go something more lasting in the architectural universe. Is the fact that undertakings such as the Reichtag and the Ontario museum even exist suggest that despite the contention that there is an overall bit by bit altering sentiment as to how historic edifices are modified. The contrast between a landmark and an iconic edifice, is great, can they of all time be combined to make something timeless.Chapter 1: How did the thought of saving in architecture come into being. How has the motion of adding to bing evolved over clip.In the argument of which method is better transition Restoration or extension. The more ‘sensible ‘ option of Restoration, ( to utilize historically accurate edifice methods and stuffs to make a mimic of the bing ) , can be seen as more sympathetic to the edifice. In a transition of a mediaeval public library in Spain ( FiG ) it was commented that â€Å" Through simple fix steps, carefully fitted to fit the edifice, and merely a few new add-ons, the ambiance and luster of the original edifice substance pervades † ( Cramer and Breitling 2007, p.33 ) To understand the idealism behind the saving of old edifices, in peculiar in the United Kingdom, It must foremost be understood how and why the thought of edifices being protected came to go through. Phil Venning from the Society for the protection of ancient edifices explained that the beginning of historical edifice saving â€Å" †¦ stems from what the Victorians were making Between 1840 to 1870 there was a immense procedure of reconstructing churches and cathedrals. Half or all mediaeval churches were restored and the job was the nature of that Restoration. Take St Alburns ‘ church, non one individual rock from the original edifice was reused. It was a complete Victorian makeover, a complete innovation that bore no relation to anything historical that existed before, so 100s of old ages of echt history were wiped off for the interest of something fantastical and wholly unneeded. â€Å" ( Venning 09 ) Historical edifices frequently have a long and complicated yesteryea r, many things that happened within the edifice are unknown, this enigma and inquire create a kind of fondness for the historic, architectural or otherwise. There is a contradiction in experiencing about historic things, â€Å" Most peoples sentiment of old artifacts is contradictory. For many the old frequently represents stagnancy and decay. On the other manus, the old is besides treated with a certain regard, recognizing the fact that the ageing procedure involves endurance in the face of troubles. The really fact that something has been conserved can excite admiration and contemplation. Possibly it is the acquaintance of old things that one values, and the experiences which have contributed to their endurance over clip. The hints of ageing can be perceived as a signifier of cultural individuality. â€Å" ( Cramer, Breiltlig, 2007 ) Looking back on peculiar illustrations of edifices that were added to or restored in the past clearly shows why certain protection was needed to continue historic edifices. Longleat house in Wiltshire is a really utmost illustration of how Victorian manner add-ons could be unsympathetic to the original construction. Within Longleat ‘s inside are legion concealed nothingnesss, where new add-ons and interior layout alterations are fitted within the bing construction frequently go forthing immense nothingnesss which can merely be accessed through bantam service doors and are wholly blocked off. One of the biggest nothingnesss in the edifice contains a beautiful clock face. It is still maintained, and is in perfect working order, but really few people of all time see it, as in order to see the clock face an angled mirror and a torch are needed. This type of loss of history lead to the creative activity of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877. One of the chief concerns of those opposed to this motion is the saving of historical civilization, non being a precedence and how through these extremist modern add-ons it is being lost in order to make more of an cosmopolitan manner, with less accent on a specific civilization as, due to engineering and its consequence on communicating it is more international instead than national. Architects can now work with edifices 1000s of stat mis off, and may hold ne'er personally visited the site in inquiry, this fact entirely, along with many other factors, including globalization means that it is inevitable that some signifier of cosmopolitan manner is to develop. However, on the contrary to this it is seen that each edifice is developed based on its site, its context, including its yesteryear and historical value and its usage, intending that no two edifices could of all time be developed in the exact same manner. ( quotation mark ) This means that using a cosmopolitan manner can ne'er be a generic scenario as it was during the Modernist period. Historically new manners were developed through travel and geographic expedition. The expansive circuit for illustration that took topographic point during the nineteenth century involved English Lords and designers researching Europe, in order to be inspired by bing architecture and convey them back to Britain, therefore the birth of the Renaissance manner. The expansive tourers were really destructive in their geographic expedition, many splintering of inside informations from the edifices to maintain as souvenir and carving their names in the walls of ancient temples. Renaissance architecture was formed through the misinterpretations and reinterpretations of Greek and Roman architecture. An illustration of this being that many expansive places in Britain were inspired by Greek and Roman temples. Temples were built for certain Gods to seek shelter, so the inside was ne'er meant to be seen by the mean townsfolk. Making places based on the design changes the construct behind the orig inal signifier wholly. This is one of many illustrations of how the British reinterpreted another civilizations manner of architecture to make a new manner that is seen as quintessentially British. The thought of adding to bing in a current manner has been happening for centuries. Many cherished edifices have been added to in different periods, for illustration Chillham Castle in Canterbury in which â€Å" Major changes were made in the late eighteenth century by Thomas Heron and his Wildman replacements, in the 1860s by Charles Hardy and eventually in the 1920s by Sir Edmund Davis. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) . This was before William Morris introduced Torahs to protect old edifices, and at that place was evidently non the same feeling of costliness that is felt with concern of old edifices as there is today. Chillham palace is an first-class illustration of how the whole edifice was changed depending on the manner that was in manner, â€Å" In 1775-76, Heron refitted the Jacobean house about throughout in Georgian manner. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) This was non needfully ever the best for the edifice, nevertheless, â€Å" In what has been termed â€Å" an evil reconsideration † Brandon put a replacing oriel window over the front door, approximately resembling the original but utilizing his ain â€Å" heavy † design. † ( Peters 08 ) . In the 1920 ‘s Chillham palace was restored to its old Jacobean province every bit much as possible, which while possibly profiting the edifice in its layout and overall coherency, had erased 100s of old ages of history. â€Å" Therefore the fenestration alterations of the 18th and 19th centuries have been mostly swept off, and the external lifts must look today well as they were originally in 1616 † ( Peters 08 ) This is a different attack to current redevelopment methods, in that in modern-day add-ons seek to heighten the historic, instead than replace the historic in order to accomplish the semblance of a historic edifice. During the 60s the motion of changing the historic, became more familiar to what modern-day add-ons try to make today. Architects such as by Carlo Scarpa, Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella, bridged the spread with advanced solution to recycle of old edifices, which is looked at further in Chapter 4. ( demand to bridge spread between these paragraphs ) These thoughts could be used with modern-day intercessions where by alternatively of experiencing frightened or intimidated by alteration of cherished historic constructing stock the British should encompass this new tendency, because if we do non so we will non develop a modern-day British manner, and that is what frightens us most.Chapter 2: How does the corporate British mind affect undertakings seeking to contrast old and new? Does the planning system have to alter to maintain the UK at the head of current design?As discussed in chapter 1, the debut of limitations in changing old edifices has changed the manner in which they are preserved, and how architectural manner affects the old history. Planing Torahs can be restrictive in the redevelopment procedure. Many historical edifices are listed which mean that certain standards refering structural alterations and stuff usage have to be obeyed. It is hard to find whether or non these limitations are non altering plenty to maintain u p with current demands of modern life such as unfastened program infinites and environmental efficiency. It is interesting how the sentiment about execution of modern-day add-ons between be aftering governments differ. In Alain De Botton ‘s book â€Å" The architecture of felicity † and his attach toing telecasting programme â€Å" The perfect place † non merely does he give illustrations of undertakings that strived to make a add-on, and fought a conflict with be aftering Torahs over the thought of modern-day being more appropriate that mock or medley, but he besides looks into why medley may be the preferable pick, non merely by the contrivers but of Britain ‘s general populace. Public sentiment plays a large portion in a edifices success. Does the populace ‘s sentiment genuinely reflects the virtues of the edifice and the design, or is the public position still tainted with a deficiency of misgiving of Contemporary manner design after the weaknesss of the Modernist motion. Is it still the safe but medley option that the general populace favor? Is the thought of adjustment in still deep set into the heads of people as being the more acceptable and hence the best option? In order to understand this ideal we must look to the modern lodging stock. Pastiche has been able to run public violence with the UK ‘s lodging. Mock Tudor and Elizabethan houses are everyplace, many are built by developers without even a audience with an designer. These edifices are familiar, they are safe, they are seen to affect less hazard. In this state in peculiar the conservative mentality appears to be keeping back the coeval in architecture but non in engineering or communicating or comfortss, what does this state about how we feel about the infinites we occupy. Alain De Botton refers to Vilhelm Worringer a twentieth Century philosopher that argued that people fell in love with specific types or manners of architecture because it contained or symbolised something that that individual, or that individuals society was missing, therefore Alain De Botton links this to the theory that pastiche forge Tudor and Georgian new physique places are favoured as a analogue to the ugly landscapes of mills and industrial units that a technologically advanced society produces. This could be seen as an implicit in ground for the extract of Historical and Contemporary architecture being so controversial, it evokes confusion with feeling of desiring to withdraw to the past off from engineering and promotion. The thought of the modern conveying the Historical into the new millenary may scare people into a disfavor for these undertakings. One paticular illustration Alain De Botton choice out is one that challenges this theory and suggests that persons are now get downing to gain the positive facets of Contemporary architecture and how it can be more sympathetic to the echt historic than ‘make believe medley ‘ . Wakelins is a Tudor sign of the zodiac that was refurbished and extended by James Gorst architects as a private place for James Gorst himself. The dramatic modern-day extension can be seen to hold more in common to the original construction as it is besides timber framed, where as a medley mock Tudor extension would be a masonry construction. James Gorst commented that manners can co-exist without struggle and that you can be â€Å" respectful of the past but in your ain epoch † ( Gorst 08 ) Another illustration Botton uses is a little elusive modern-day extension to a Georgian terraced house in East London ( FIG ) . This extension was specifically designed by Henning Stummel designers to house lavatory installations on each floor of the house. The logical thinking for this is to make a more accurate Edwardian layo ut. As the Edwardians did non hold bathrooms one was created at a ulterior day of the month on the top floor doing break to the flow of the house. The new extension allowed the flow of the house to be restored to the original. These two illustration defends the theory that â€Å" A true court seldom looks like one † ( Botton 08 ) that something can be historically sensitive with out aesthetically fiting anything from the yesteryear. This extension could be seen as good to the house by some, and beautiful with its lumber paneling and block like Windowss, but it involved a long and backbreaking conflict with the local planning commission, which in its entireness took two old ages, as the council favoured a mock Edwardian extension. This is contrasting grounds to sentiments of the likes of Peter Vennning from the society for the protection of ancient edifices who â€Å" †¦ would ever instead something that is advanced and good designed that merely copying what was there al ready † ( Venning 09 ) This changeless battle with sentiments of the council and planning with persons creates a barrier between the success and the via media of modern-day add-ons to Historic edifices. This could propose that there is a job in this state about accepting modern-day architecture, nevertheless there is the issue that it is merely in the residential sector that this is evident. In the United Kingdom there are some award winning modern-day edifices, and they are common topographic point for undertakings such as theaters, libraries and universities. Peoples evidently appreciate their public and commercial edifices to be modern-day, and in usage built undertakings the edifice layout to outdo reflect its intent. This theory is so reversed when we look at the modern British place, which merely seeks to retroflex the old. There is a British trait to be really proud of our places, but it is questionable why this has manifested itself in such a manner in this state and otherwise in most other states. It is a position that British people take pride in their place, in peculiar with facets such as DIY or make it yourself being seen as quintessentially British â€Å" DIY is something of a national interest on Bank Holidays in the UK † ( unknown, 09 ) This nevertheless is an facet in itself that leads the populace to believe that places are a personal thing. This, in the yesteryear has lead to dissensions between designers and place proprietors, one illustration being Le Corbusier and the Villa Savoye, and the client being told non to set drapes up as it would botch the interior outside consequence created by the drape glass. This posed the job of making a via media between good design and an aesthetically delighting edifice, and taking into consideration client demands and the practical every twenty-four hours operation of the edifice. All this grounds suggests that the spread between the public sentiment and the designers sentiment demands to be bridged. The planning section can be seen as the people to bridge the spread, nevertheless they seen to subconsciously be reenforcing the misgiving the populace have with modern-day design with the favor of medley and mock, instead than defending the undertakings that if built could get down to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience of modern-day architecture. This outlines the chief issue that if good designed modern-day undertakings are non built they will still be seen as the abnormal. It is already outlined that the British public find a sense of security in older manner edifices as they are good known, huge in figure and familiar. Therefore it seems that it is impossible to bridge this spread without upsetting t he British populace at some phase. The planning commission have the power to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience nevertheless they are portion of the British public in themselves and their penchants for mock can be seen as a reserved or scared move on their behalf. Architects have an apprehension of how modern-day architecture plants, and how it can be good in a modern society. This could be seen to propose that there must be a signifier of doing the public aware of modern-day architecture and how it works, for this fright is based on a deficiency of apprehension, or merely declining to understand. The current argument on this issue is forward fronted by Prince Charles. In a really British mode he is opposing many designers work in defense mechanism of saving of historical edifices in the UK. Prince Charles, Royal, although with no official authorization for edifice ordinances, has become the interpreter for this argument. However his really traditional positions have been controversial even to those who support the cause. Philosophically the prince ‘s claim to be the defender of tradition does non bear examination. He late resigned as frequenter of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings ( SPAB ) because he does non understand or subscribe to its pronunciamento, as set down by its laminitis, William Morris. The cardinal SPAB rule is that no version or extension to an historic edifice should seek to copy the original, but be distinguishable and of its ain clip. To cite: â€Å" a lame and exanimate counterfeit is the concluding consequence of all the wasted labor † . That one of the prince ‘s advisors besides designs for Disneyland is diagnostic of a penchant for a sanitized version of the yesteryear, stripped of the reliable verve Morris sought to support. ( Macintosh 09 ) This difference in sentiment reflects the much wider argument of whether to accommodate edifices in a modern-day manner or every bit traditionally as possible. Prince Charles can be seen as a typically British illustration. Part of the Monarchy but with efficaciously with no authorization in affairs including architecture, he feels his sentiment more valid than that of William Morris and the full staff at the Society for the protection of Ancient Buildings But the prince is understood to hold peculiarly objected to the suggestion that reconstructing old houses in their original manner frequently consequences in a ‘pastiche ‘ – an uncomplimentary odds and ends of stuffs and signifiers taken from different beginnings -and took strivings to state as much. â€Å" ( English 09 ) With figure caputs such as these portraying their sentiment of the right pattern, as antediluvian mimicking, is it no admiration that the British populace, that which is still in esteem of its monarchy, something which is really unambiguously British, can the lesser known faces of this argument, such as the SPAB be considered within public consideration. However there are points raised by prince Charles that defend the thought that there is a difference in sentiment or a spread of understanding between designers and the general populace that must be addressed â€Å" A â€Å" gulf † is go oning to split designers from the remainder of society because of their compulsion with signifiers † ( Hurst 09 ) . However even Prince Charles admitted that the planning system needed reform, which means that there is cogent evidence that the planning system does non even benefit those hidebound thoughts refering architecture. There is recent contraversay about Prince Charle ‘s place within this architectural argument. The recent withdrawl of foreign support for a high terminal coeval development in London due to the Princes interfearence has angered many. It could be seen that Charles should be seeking to press foreign developers to put in lodging, to profit the state as a whole, particularly in a clip of economic crisis. Many others challenged the design of the edifice, chiefly those of a certain authorization and age scope â€Å" Palace functionaries are likely to reason that the prince was merely one voice against the Candys ‘ programs for Chelsea Barracks. Lord Stockton, grandson of Harold MacMillan, the former premier curate†¦ † ( Chittenden,09 ) The Prince besides stated his positions on his prefered alternate â€Å" He proposed a classical option that mirrored the 17th-century Royal Hospital, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, across the street. † ( Chittenden,09 ) Thi s remark is an illustration of how people are afraid of something new, and prefere the security of something that already exists, the medley. If the Prince becomes king in the hereafter so the argument will go progressively intense, which poses the possibility that more and more medley will happen its was to the edifices sites, instead than something more exciting and advanced. The thought of animating a like the Royal infirmary, means that the newer edifice will merely of all time be a lesser edifice than the original, due to the fact that miming something with modern-day techniques will ultimatly compromise the overall unity of the edifice, peculiarly when the original is every bit close as Prince Charles proposed. In esscence medley architecture is seting manner out of context, in regard of clip. Is it so non that different from constructions in subject Parkss and museums? This can be epitimised by the fact that as discussed prevoisuly one of prince Charle ‘s advisers besid es designs for Disneyland. This could be seen as Prince Charles prioritizing manner over substance, whcih is certainly non how successful edifices are designed. The thought of retroflexing an old edifice is ne'er making the original edifice justness, as it will ever be compromised by modern-day demands every bit good as modern-day edifice codifications and be aftering regulations.. This could, in utmost fortunes in the hereafter, lead to old edifices being demolished in favor of medley, as mock edifices are created in the relevant period and are hence more suited for current use.It could be said that to truly appreciate old edifices they muse have a contrast, in order to maintain the rarety and costliness of its design. Another facet of architecture that Prince Charles has been speaking about is sustainability. In a recent talk he was considered to come across as â€Å" †¦ an rational Luddite, whose lone solution is to withdraw into a Hobbit-like universe of organic crude edif ices and no autos. † ( Baillieu, 09 ) This is linked in Prince Charle ‘s address with the thought that he is wary or afraid of experimentation within the architectural genre. †¦ it ‘s his belief that the challenge of clime alteration can be solved without experimentation. This is where the address unravelled for in doing out â€Å" experimentation † to be a terrorizing spring in the dark instead than something good based on hypotheses and a organic structure of cognition ( Baillieu, 09 ) . It is easy to see how these two facets come together to organize this overall sentiment. This is once more associating back to the thought of being afraid of the unknown and the security of the familiar which is known to hold existed and survived for a period of clip. However it is clear that without experimentation it will be impossible to battle the clime altering effects of our current architectural stock without stepping into the unknown and experimenting to make new engineering and modern-day design. This supports the thought of traveling on from historical design and designing in a more intellegent manner in order to battle this job, and get down developing thoughts for architecture that the hereafter requires. This point in argued by those who support the scientific discipline and engineering of this argument â€Å" In his celebrated â€Å" two civilizations † talk, the novelist and scientist CP Snow warned that if people wanted to turn their dorsums on scientific discipline and the benefits of industrialization they were free to do that pick. â€Å" I respect you for the strength of your aesthetic repugnance, † he said. â€Å" But I do n't esteem you in the slightest if, even passively, you try to enforce the same pick on others who are non free to take. â€Å" ( Baillieu, 09 ) . This besides supports the thought that some portion of the population are non nessessarily lead by their ain pick but instead the pick of front mans in their society. This straight relates to Prince Charles and the negative impact he could hold on the populations positions refering architecture. It is easy to see how people become loyal about this states old edifices, but certainly opposing anything modern-day in architecture at all is impeding the advancement of the state as a whole. The devastation of old edifices during the first and 2nd universe wars helped to make the feeling of costliness for the old edifices that survived. Modernism that took advantage of the loss of historical edifices to make something new, which even involved pulverizing old edifices that survived the air foraies. This was admired by immature architectural heads but disliked by older more hidebound designers every bit good as the populace. This Modern manner of edifice was really much a duplicating manner with certain design regulations that had to be followed by every edifice, which lead them to hold a really generic quality. This rigorous codification of aesthetic design lead to many of the edifices being demolished every bit small as 10 to thirty old ages subsequently, due to the fact that the edifices were deemed to hold no psyche and were considered ugly and rough aesthetically. The destructive qualities of Modernism and the designers thoughts of town planning, showed non merely the populace but besides the architectural universe how of import it was to make constructions that were non merely functional but iconic, and to make something the populace could bask, non merely the architectural elite. Modernism as a motion angered many people who were dedicated to continuing history, and of all time since so they have been ferociously protective of old edifices and the work that is done with them. Many people nevertheless who have acquired old edifices with the purpose on reconstructing them, have to wait months and trade with infuriating, bureaucratism before they can get down work, . In a batch of instances until the necessary permissions are granted the proprietors are powerless and must watch as the edifice they own deteriorates further seting the edifice itself at hazard. An illustration of this is the work carried out on a folly in Monmouth ( FIG ) ( Gillilan 09 ) to reconstruct the original edifice which is from the sixteenth century but was rebuilt after be ing struck by buoy uping in the late ninetiess. They besides wanted to include a modern extension and to rupture down the twentieth century add-ons that were non appropriate for the edifice, seeking to mime the original with rendered concrete that were doing harm to the bing construction. This undertaking included an equal sum of Restoration and extension, designed by designers with thoughtful and delicate concurrence between modern and historic stuffs shows how with better engineering and more sympathetic edifice stuffs our positions to reconstructing old edifices is easy altering. The planning commission of a local council nevertheless is non the lone resistance an person with Contemporary gustatory sensation must confront. Public blessing is critical for a successful planning application, and neighbors resistance can halt a undertaking even get downing. In Ling, a little historical small town in Norfolk a occupant wished to construct a modern-day house on the site of his old clayware shed. He has been seeking to acquire permission for his home for old ages, and his biggest obstruction is the villagers themselves, who think the edifice is ‘ugly ‘ and ‘does n't suit in ‘ The inquiry is why did this affair so much, and why precisely did the new edifice non suit in? The edifice is proposed to be made from traditional methods with local stuffs so it is the modern-day manner of the edifice the villagers find so violative. The occupant in inquiry commented that there is â€Å" something peculiarly British about this seting the yesteryear on a base and that everything old is inviolable and you touch it at your hazard. † But is it merely the British who feel this manner, or is it something that is portion of any state with a long history and a wealth of historical edifices. A contrast to this would be to look at a state where this is non the instance. Dubai is largely desert, but due to its lifting economic system it is easy being turned into huge metropoliss and composites. The difference to Britain is that there is no penchant toward the historic, and station modernism is literally allowed to make full metropoliss which necessarily creates a huge sum of different and contradicting manners and gustatory sensations. Dubai has a ski Lodge, a land of China and a map of the universe shaped from sand dunes in the sea. Dubai is an illustration of what an architectural ‘free for all ‘ can make, which has merely every bit much of a negative impact if non more than a state in which development is so purely regu lated and protective as ours. With it being acceptable to hold an single architectural gustatory sensation makes the state of affairs different to that of old epochs where by a more incorporate gustatory sensation was adhered by, be aftering Torahs inhibit the devastation of old edifices or the add-on of infinites that make no sense and are of really single gustatory sensation. However at that place needs to be more understanding from the planning system in footings of medley that is seen to hold a negative impact on the edifice and is non ever the appropriate solution. Deliberate hazards must be taken in single fortunes in order to make relevant infinites for the modern manner of life, and criterions must be set so that modern-day manner can be enjoyed by future coevalss.Chapter 3: Does current cognition and tendency affect the usage of old edifices.Architecture is non inactive and must invariably alter in order to remain relevant to current society and remain in usage. The thought of merely conveying a edifice back up to a habitable criterion is non needfully the best option. â€Å" ‘Saving ‘ old edifices is no longer plenty. The purpose is non preservation but transmutation, an architectural, instead than a sentimental or historicist attack to making new signifier out of old cloth. † ( Powell 1999 ) One manner is which this theory is peculiarly relevant in modern-day society is within the recent alterations to constructing methods in relation to the environment. Old constructions were designed and built before such cognition of clime alteration or planetary heating existed. Adapting an old edifice with a new interior layout or add-on is no longer plenty to do it a genuinely twenty-first century edifice, The environmental factor must now besides be considered to future proof a edifice. In order to cut down an bing edifices C pes print, some version is necessary, which is non ever historically accurate or sympathetic. The concluding behind many edifices being reused instead so destroyed is besides influenced by the issue of sustainability. It is frequently more economical every bit good as environmentally friendly to recycle an bing edifice instead than pulverize and so reconstruct it. This office edifice ( FIG ) was remodelled to reflect modern-day manners in architecture. The ed ifice is about unrecognizable, but the inquiry this poses is, if this edifice had to be remodelled several times in such speedy sequence, what does it state about the clip graduated table in which modern-day manners are considered current? ( demand to infix FIG dates that it was remodelled ) It is said that â€Å" architecture is an look of its clip, and clip can sometimes go through quickly † ( need to follow up mention ) The thought of accommodating an old edifice to run into new demands and recycling it is a environmentally sound thought. If person busying a edifice needs more infinite is it non better to accommodate the bing edifice than to travel to a bigger edifice, or have a new edifice built. Hearst tower is a construction which encompasses many facets of modern-day add-on that is considered good. Its sustainable certificates make it a precursor in New York for environmentally friendly design â€Å" Designed to devour significantly less energy than a conventional New York office edifice, it is a theoretical account of sustainable office design. † ( Foster and spouses, unknown ) ( include passage between old and new in interior infinite and FIG ) A complex challenge is when a metropolis has become so urbanized that there is merely non plenty infinite to make new edifices without making a signifier of urban sprawl consequence. A metropolis like New York is a premier illustration of a topographic point where land mass has become non existent for edifice, and so older edifices must be adapted to turn with the activities within it. New York has combated this job by edifice upwards, making the biggest possible square footage with the minimum footmark. The add-ons to these edifices hence have to make the same. Hearst Tower achieves significant extra infinite, but implanting itself in the original infinite and traveling upward, to go another iconic edifice in the New York skyline. The environmental component is a important factor in this argument. Many old edifices are improbably inefficient in comparing to modern-day constructions. In order for these edifices to stay relevant as homes and edifices for public usage they have to be adapted with new engineering to stay in usage. If nil is done with historic edifices stock they will go of all time more progressively expensive to run as they age. The resources to run them, will are going of all time more scarce, and are set uping the environment and therefore it is indispensable they be adapted to diminish this consequence. This is now set uping place proprietors and the general populace as a affair of class. With energy monetary values lifting this will finally take to the populace being behind the version of old edifices for this ground in peculiar. There has been a batch of support behind for the demand for version for old edifices, in peculiar Kevin McClouds Great British refurb run which seeks new statute law to assist with the cost of doing places more energy efficient through the appropriate adaptation.. This run has a enormous sum of public support, which leads to the decision that the populace are more comfy with the thought of altering old edifices in a manner that they are cognizant benefits them. This contradiction is proposing that its more the manner in which old and new concurrences frequently juxtapose that is the existent issue for the general populace, and it is more manner than the engineering they are frightened of.Chapter 4: Will the concurrence between historic and modern-day architecture be every bit dateless as other architectural motions. What are the specific qualities that make a piece of design â€Å" timeless † or â€Å" authoritative † ?The word timeless is used a batch in architecture and design, but what precisely does it imply. The dictionary describes the word timeless as ( decision to this, cant be dateless but can go a historic construction i n the hereafter, and to be something that influences future epochs of architecture )without get downing or terminal ; ageless ; everlasting.mentioning or restricted to no peculiar clip: the dateless beauty of great music. ( Dictionary Reference on line )The inquiry that is considered by anyone in charge of allowing be aftering permission for any new add-on to a historic edifice is will it be every bit dateless as the original construction. Examples affecting add-ons made in the seventiess have non needfully aged every bit good as the bing edifice. ( Fig ) Many edifices that were designed and erected during the 1960ss and 1970ss are now considered eyesores, and are frequently lacerate down. Could this be the instance for modern-day manner constructions, or like the Victorian manner, which was out of manner during the 1950s and 1960s and is now a sought after will it merely become stylish once more in the close hereafter. Manner and tendency play an of import function in the design and besides the hereafter of edifices so it is of import that the edifice is good designed and thought out, non trusting merely on the current tendency, but has a timeless facet to it. â€Å" Its non about if it ‘s modern or if its old it ‘s whether or non its quality † ( Coffey 2009 ) Using the 60s as an illustration, many cases of 60s and 70s architecture were severely designed and cheaply made, this can besides be said for many twenty-first Century edifices, made every bit cheaply as possible to carry through a basic demand with small architectural virtue. However there was some architecture that was created during the 1960ss that was better designed and longer enduring. Carlo Scarpa was an designer who preferred working with and adding to an bing construction than making his ain. His most celebrated work Castelvecchio was completed in 1964 ( FIG ) . It was his refusal to retroflex old manners within h is work that his coevalss found odd, but his work has been inspiration for many good renown designers. â€Å" His work greatly influenced that of other Italian inside interior decorators, most notably Franco Albini † , ( ref cheque ) every bit good as going a theoretical account of inspiration for architectural pupils â€Å" His edifices and undertakings were being studied by designers and pupils throughout the universe, and his cosmetic manner had become a theoretical account for designers wishing to resuscitate trade and juicy stuffs in the modern-day mode. † ( REF cheque ) Therefore began the beginnings of juxtaposing the latest stuffs and engineering with historic constructions. The devastation of the first universe war lead to the thought of protecting old edifices to go relaxed plenty to project aside actual historicism, ( although some times subsequently became to act upon the exact antonym ) in specific in Italy, which created a way towards to something more thought provoking and intelligent.. Continue with Work by designers such as Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella. There is the inquiry of if a edifice which is non needfully beautiful, or historically of import but is still classed as historic demand to be preserved in a cherished restrictive manner or is it that with historical edifices, irrespective of their quality people feel a responsibility to protect and continue history like a exposure and this is seen to be the most appropriate option. In this modern society, this is non needfully the right pattern or should edifices which were designed to be used, be redesigned to suit our of all time altering demands. It may be that continuing a edifice has a negative impact on the edifice as it is forced to be used in an out-of-date manner and become like a museum piece non to be touched instead than a edifice which is meant to be inhabited and used in order to be enjoyed. An illustration of this is the resistance to the proposed new add-on to the British museum ( FIG ) . However it is designers every bit good as a local preservation group who are op posing the add-on as it has already received permission from the planning governments and English heritage. â€Å" Committee spokesman Hugh Cullum manager of Hugh Cullum architects added that pluging holes in the late restored great hall to supply entree to the exhibition infinite was a offense against a brilliant and simple frontage. † He added that a new frontage on Malt Street showed a â€Å" specific deficiency of response to the street and regardless of manner, does n't belong to either Georgian or Edwardian context in footings of graduated table, grain or stuffs. † ( Cullum,09 )Chapter 5: What makes peculiar illustrations of reuse successful or unsuccessful.Extensions to edifices have gotten bigger and more high profile in the last 20 old ages. The chief designer responsible for some of the most good known add-ons is Sir Norman Foster. Undertakings such as the Reichstag ( FIG ) and Hearst tower ( FIG ) have become iconic. For a edifice that is such a landmark in itself like the Reichstag it would usually be considered excessively cherished a edifice, to profit from any add-on, â€Å" †¦ you can acquire some edifices that are so cherished are so rare and historically of import its likely non the right thing to make † ( Venning 2009 ) nevertheless it has become an iconic edifice instead than merely a landmark due to its glass dome roof add-on. This is how a edifice can be enhanced in order to truly specify the part in which it is situated, and go a tourist attractive force in itself. It provides a genuinely cultural experience and people travel from across the universe to see it. The dome adds a sing experience to the edifice, making a platform where most of the metropolis can be seen. It has helped to reunite the edifice with the German people, and hence added a new dimension of history to the edifice instead than take awaying from what existed antecedently. â€Å" It is of import to recognize that edifices alteration and adaptà ¢â‚¬ ¦ and parts that are added to the edifice over clip become portion of its history. † ( Venning 09 )The ReichtagThe Reichstag is a first-class illustration of how the extension has been good considered and reflected the edifices history. Based on the thought that a landmark is created by the things that happen to the edifice or the to people that inhabit it instead than the bricks and mortar itself, an thought has surfaced that all old edifices have a signifier of voice. Architectural Voices written by David Littlefield and Saskia Lewis suggest that in order for a new intercession to be genuinely successful the old edifice needs to be decently listened to, â€Å" ‘If it could talk what would it state? What would it sound like? Would it be deserving listening to? ‘ Questions such as these are peculiarly relevant for designers shiping on undertakings of redevelopment, reading or enlargement. † ( Littlefield, 2007 ) . The Reichtag dome like many other under takings faced resistance â€Å" The rebuilding undertaking was necessarily controversial, given the Reichstag ‘s place in twentieth-century German history. † ( powell 1999 ) and Foster ‘s original thought nevertheless was rejected for being excessively extreme as he wanted to encapsulate the whole edifice within a glass dome. However the undertaking as it was realised turned out is considered to â€Å" reinstate the edifice as a focal point of the capital and the place of Bundestag † ( Powell 1999 ) This peculiar undertaking genuinely embraces the thought of ‘listening ‘ to the bing edifice, and proves that in this instance that intercession and add-on can be more effectual than merely a simple Restoration, in making something iconic, â€Å" Above rises a dome, non a Restoration of that which burned in 1938 but surely integrating the memories of the past † . ( Powell 1999 ) The thought that the populace are cognizant of the political rela tions traveling on inside the edifice is accentuated by the fact that the dome sits above where the politicians convene. This creates a transparence metaphor as with the Welsh parliament constructing the visitants of the edifice can watch the politicians from above, and experience more of a portion of the system than in old times. This is of class symbolic of the alteration in the German authorities, with the state being unified by the destruction of the Berlin wall. This changes the stigma of the original edifice and creates a new positive image for the edifice, to associate the old edifice to the new Germany. This edifice opposes the thought introduced at the beginning of this chapter from Phil Venning of the SPAB that some edifices are excessively cherished to be adapted, it is an illustration of how old edifices need to be adapted in order to remain relevant to society. The edifice was damaged during the war and was non repaired when the war ended. Alternatively the edifice rema ined in disrepair and became a symbol for the ruin of Germany and its authorities. It was unloved due to the stigma that was attached to it and what it represented to the people of Germany, which was a authorities that has ruined their state and their lively goons. This was all reversed with the new add-ons and the Restoration, which allowed the symbolism of the edifice to be changed and allowed the edifice to be reintroduced as portion of the German civilization, by adding to the bing, and esteeming its yesteryear and heightening it instead than seeking to disregard it.Oxford CastleThis edifice is another illustration of a edifice that would usually be considered excessively cherished for adaptation, as it is rare for a palace of its age to last wars and conflicts. However it shows how an old edifice can be more apprehended when it is adapted for modern-day usage than be left untasted. It so becomes less of a deadening museum piece and more an exciting topographic point for people to utilize and bask, The Oxford Castle extension and regeneration programme has been successful in making a public infinite. The old palace edifice is now a hotel which forms portion of a Pedestrianised country, which attracts locals and tourers likewise. Opening up an country and a edifice one time closed off to the populace is good, but looking at the daintiness of the new intercession suggests that every attention was taken into consideration to continue and heighten the historic edifices, both in the design procedure and in the building. The original edifice was originally used as a prision, and this creates a alone infinite for a boutique hotel. This reuse of the edifice has created a tourer attractive force in itself and the development is now described as Oxford ‘s figure one tourer attractive forces. the add-on of a glass gift store between two countries of historic stonework. The intercession itself bridges a spread between two unconnected countries to make a unison between the infinites, but besides does non blockade the position of the rock work or the remainder of the edifice from the store, as the glass roof allows the tallness of the palace to be genuinely apprehended ( FIG ) There has been some intercessions to the stonework, and to acquire the glass to sit between the walls some rock has had to be moved. In ( FIG ) you can see the glass roof is supported by several glass beams. These perforate the rock wall, but the harm is minimum, with rocks replaces and matched to the bing, and lime howitzer used so that the wall can be preserved. In other countries of the development you can see the seamless passage between historic and modern-day. In ( FIG ) you can see how the paseo slots into the older edifice utilizing an bing country which is recessed in the same size and form. T his creates the semblance that the two were created in unison. There is a sensitiveness between the concurrences between stuffs as you can see here in ( FIG ) the wooden panelled ceiling in the gift store leaves a little spread between it and the rock wall. This ceiling is non structural and so can sit merely above the rock wall and does non hold to punch it in any manner. This attack leads to minimum break of the ancient rock. Another illustration of this is the glass panels at the forepart of the gift store ( FIG ) . The glass does non punch the rock wall alternatively an adhesive is used to bridge the spread between the glass and the rock work. This is much less intrusive to the stonework and can be removed without a hint of grounds to the bing if necessary. This undertaking has opened up a edifice one time shut away from public esteem and has created a widely distributed prosaic country in which there is besides a court to the palaces history with the new ‘castle unbarred ‘ visitant attractive force. This has been good to the edifice as it has allowed it to go a tourist attractive force and has become more of Oxford ‘s heritage than it was before the redevelopment.Royal Exchange Theatre, ManchesterThis illustration shows how that you can alter a edifices map successfully by adding a modern-day intercession. The old edifice, one time the former Cotton Exchange and one time the largest room for commercialism in the universe, it is now a nationally and internationally renown as it is the largest unit of ammunition theater in the UK ( FIG ) . The manner this edifice has been changed agencies that changes to the bing construction is minimum. The lone intercession is in the chief four marble columns which support the original vaulted ceiling. There was no attempt taken to conceal these intercessions, alternatively the stenosiss that branch off from the chief construction into the old construction are art of the design ( FIG ) This pod manner in tercession becomes the cardinal piece of the edifice, leting a edifice which no longer houses the map it was designed for continue to be relevant in the twenty-first Century. The manner this edifice was redesigned in the 1970s agencies that the edifice still has an of import topographic point within Manchester ‘s metropolis Centre. This undertaking was merely a true success due to the adventuresome design â€Å" Conceived as a extremist, experimental in-the-round wendy house by the late manager Michael Elliot and the phase interior decorator Richard Negri, it has proved systematically successful, and no admiration – the audience is packed in near to the histrions, and at the same clip stacked up high around them. †DecisionThere are many factors which influence this subject. As it has been seen the whole political orientation of one state ‘s civilization is a slow procedure. There is some gradual alteration and the planning system is set to alter with so muc h resistance to its current processs. Bing a authorities organic structure the planning system will hold no pick but to accommodate in order to seek the best solution to jobs in Britain such as the predicted deficit of lodging stock and the economic clime and the deficiency of work for the reinforced environment industry. The political orientation behind the term Britishness is besides altering, and this globalization will impact the manner in which the British population perceives modern-day architecture. The manner architecture alterations is something that will go on to accommodate as it has done since the built environment has existed, and the contention of these undertakings will diminish finally as it becomes more and more common. As the universes population increases the version of bing edifices will go more and more of a necessary procedure, peculiarly due to the new cognition refering the environment.

Cunard Line, Ltd Essay

Cunard Line Ltd. is a cruise line that represents luxury and class providing four to five star cruise ship options. Their overall target market is mature adults with mid to very high income-levels. A lot of the marketing efforts put forth by Cunard were going towards tactical efforts and the promotion of individual ships as opposed to the promotion of the entire brand. Although most of the ads portrayed the same look and had an individually tailored paragraph and/or photo. Set backs caused by the worldwide recession as well as the Iraq War has caused Cunard the dilemma of risking their prestigious company image to provide consumers with larger discounts or develop other marketing strategies that will seek to maintain their 90% occupancy rate without lowering their high quality position. It created more pressure for the creation of â€Å"sales oriented† marketing, which would jeopardize their high-class image. With competitors such as Carnival who are able to provide large discounts, it makes it difficult for Cunard to avoid using the same approach in order to compete. Segmentation Strategy Cunard seems to have taken a Concentrated Marketing approach to segmentation. Generally, they focus on one target market – the upper class. Although this can be seen as a disadvantage in an economy experiencing a recession, by segmenting based on this niche income and lifestyle, Cunard is able to tailor their services specifically to them rather than targeting more than one market and not providing the best service possible. Not only do their advertisements and brand perception demonstrate this segmentation but they make efforts to communicate personally with their clients. This is demonstrated through through letters that they send with personalized marketing messages, tailored specifically to the needs of their customers. Price/Quality Relationship The concept of price/quality relationship is heavily integrated into the target market that Cunard has chosen. Along with their brand image, the high price of their services gives off a perceived high quality. Although services are generally intangible, services such as providing reservations for an entire mealtime in their five-star cruise ship is merely one example of how Cunard tries to maintain this price/quality relationship. With the price that consumers pay, they come to expect the best service for their dollar. Generally those who pay these high amounts believe that money is no object as long as they receive a great quality product or service. Satisfaction would mean that they reached or exceeded the expectations consumers had of the service. Cunard tries not to portray prices in their advertising or have constantly advertised sales in order to keep the price/quality relationship high and retain customers who respect this aspect of their company. Alternative Strategies There are multiple strategies that Cunard may take in order to maintain their high-class brand image while bringing in enough consumers from their target market. One of these alternatives is to create relationships with big companies and provide them with a vacation package deal. An example of this is creating a relationship with a large insurance company who is then able to create a contest for self-employed insurance advisors. As self-employed individuals they have the potential of gaining high incomes and through a contest they will be motivated to meet certain productivity requirements. Only those who qualify will be able to go on the trip and will therefore meet the high standards of the Cunard brand. This method would probably be more effective for the four star ships who cater less to those at or near the retired age and target a little bit of a lower income than the five star ships. Another alternative strategy would be to create a loyalty program for existing Cunard customers. This method can be used for customers of the four or five star ships. This loyalty program would provide occasional direct offers to customers who already have experience with Cunard and therefore will not view the deals as a lowering of standards. An example of a deal that can be provided is a selling package that is good for a year or two. This package would outline a discounted price for a set amount of people to travel on a certain cruise ship. That way, there is enough time for a customer to realistically plan out a trip while providing an incentive for them and encourage more action as opposed to a regular priced ad. Lastly, an alternative that can be taken is to build relationships with various large companies with employees who make an income in the target range and make offers to company executives. This method would not downplay the company image because Cunard would be communicating directly with high-income executives and furthermore will not be making any public sales or advertisements. This method would create new potential customers who are directly in the target market of choice using the method of relationship building. This may also result in additional customer retention. This method can be used for both the four and five star ships. In order to attract the target market of the five star ships, Cunard can make an arrangement with a company to offer a deal with their luxury ships as part of a retirement plan. Recommendations As a general recommendation, Cunard should focus on brand loyalty and relationships. Marketing efforts should go towards the advertising of the overall brand rather than individual ships while the rest of the company’s efforts should go towards relationship building. These relationships will then in turn target certain customers to certain ships through Cunard’s arrangements with companies. Considering the situation regarding the recession and war, Cunard should focus heavily on the strategy of building relationships with companies who can create vacation contest packages for their employees. During the time of a recession, anyone would appreciate an incentive to make more money and the opportunity to gain something from it. By winning something so prestigious, consumers gain confidence as well as social benefits, which can initially be their motivation. If it is a large company, there is potential for many qualifiers who can turn into loyal customers whether it be through the continuation of the contest yearly, or by their own personal desire to continue their relationship with Cunard. These contests will not jeopardize the high-quality image of the company because through negotiation, Cunard can insure that the qualification requirements are at a level where when achieved, it will be viewed as prestigious. If this contest continues yearly, Cunard can maintain their customer value, satisfaction and trust and therefore have customer retention. This will result in less price sensitivity, positive word of mouth, returning customers and a long lasting relationship. If Cunard continues to use marketing to market their entire company while bringing their services directly to their desired market, they can ensure a 90% occupancy and the continuation of a high-class cruise ship operation.

Economic Consequences of Credit Market Failure in Uganda Assignment

Economic Consequences of Credit Market Failure in Uganda - Assignment Example Its influence is becoming increasingly pervasive through a constant series of federal court decisions as well as steady enlargement in the size and scope of administering agencies. "The failure of formal credit institutions to serve the poor is due to a combination of high risks, high costs and consequently low returns associated with such business." (Orkut et al. 2004:5) Despite the pressure from the International agencies and Governments of the developed nations it will neither fruitful for the economy of the developing countries nor for the consumers of these countries to implement terms and conditions of lending and borrowing as applied in the developed countries. Factors contributing to this argument are many and varied, which include: Difference in economic conditions. Difference in technology and skills. Dependence economies of both the countries on Labour intensive industries. Loss of competitive advantage in international trade. The economy of Uganda is considered as one of the fastest growing economy in the African countries. The growth in the Gross domestic Product of Uganda has reached to 6.9%per year from 2.9% in the era of 1980s according to World Bank. (World Bank 2004:183) As a consequence of this growth,Appleton (2001:4)has estimated,based on household surveys,that the poverty headcount (defined relative to a poverty line close to the widely used dollar a day)has declined substantially:From 56%in 1992 to 34%in 1999/2000 - mainly because mean consumption per adult equivalent rose by 4.7%%per annum over this period (its distribution worsened slightly).Wider measures of poverty (the poverty gap ratio P1 and the poverty severity ratio P2)declined even more tha n the poverty headcount ratio (P0),thus indicating that the...This responsibility is being increasingly codified in law and various governmental orders. Its influence is becoming increasingly pervasive through a constant series of federal court decisions as well as steady enlargement in the size and scope of administering agencies. Despite the pressure from the International agencies and Governments of the developed nations it will neither fruitful for the economy of the developing countries nor for the consumers of these countries to implement terms and conditions of lending and borrowing as applied in the developed countries. The economy of Uganda is considered as one of the fastest growing economy in the African countries. The growth in the Gross domestic Product of Uganda has reached to 6.9%per year from 2.9% in the era of 1980s according to World Bank. (World Bank 2004:183) a. Competitive advantage: For the labour intensive economies like Uganda the competitive advantage heavily relies on the low cost of labour. In the countries like Uganda where most of the population of the country is leading their life below the poverty line it sometimes become inevitable for the consumers to make their child work so that they can get the basic necessities of life i.e. food, shelter and clothing.

Compounds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compounds - Assignment Example The shampoo is used for pets and is not used for human needs. The shampoo is used to groom mainly dogs and horses and they are rendered fatal if consumed. This is due to the high iodine content which can cause iodine poisoning when consumed. Another iodine product that is commonly used is Kent Marine Concentrated Iodine used in aquariums. Iodine occurs naturally in plants and in some animals and animal products. Iodine easily attaches to organic compounds and this explains why the main sources include animals and plants. Many plants contain iodine as it occurs naturally on earth and when plants are growing, they absorb it from the soil. Iodine is more concentrated in water bodies as compared to the dry earth (ACP, 1996). For this reason, seaweeds are considered to be the richest in iodine concentration compared to other plants. Examples of such seaweeds include Nori, Hijiki, Dulse, sea lettuce, Kombu, and Wakame and they are all edible. Animals and animal products also contain natural iodine. Examples include sea animals, especially fish and shellfish, especially the ones found in salt water bodies. Milk and eggs are also a rich source of natural iodine. Food fortification technology is a common practice in the food industry. Table salt was among the first products to be iodized and its use is to supplement dietary iodine. Food fortification is aimed at achieving the required dietary intake of any given minerals. It is also aimed at improving the bioavailability of that given mineral by enhancing its absorption in the body. This technology utilizes the ionic form of Iodine (Iodides and Iodates). Iodization of animal products is also done so as to increase the natural source of iodine content in animal products. Iodine is also used in other fields. In the medical fields, radioisotope technology is commonly used in the diagnosis (Eagleson, 1994). This is referred to as nuclear medicine where a radioactive isotope is used to map the extent of the

Runology in Scandinavia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Runology in Scandinavia - Essay Example This alphabet uses only sixteen runes, and in many cases one symbol is used to represent many sounds. Even when dealing with the Younger Futhark, there are several related but slightly different alphabets that vary by place and time. These can be roughly divided into two main types: the first is the "long-branch" or normal Younger Futhark, which are sometimes referred to as the "Danish runes". There is also a variant known as the "short-twig runes" in which the forms are simpler, also called the "Norwegian-Swedish runes". "Shorthand" versions of these futharks appeared, as did hybrid variants. What exact form was used depended on exactly what date one is looking at, and what region. By the Middle Ages, as the language changed and so did the runic alphabet. Gradually symbols were changed, and new symbols adopted, resulting in a 16-rune alphabet plus extensions. Most of the surviving Viking Age runic inscriptions come from rune-stones, which were erected as grave markers, memorials, and cenotaphs most often. By the middle ages in Scandinavia, runes came to be used occasionally to record Latin inscriptions (approximately 10% of all medieval runic inscriptions are Latin) and these usually invocations of saints or prayers. Occasionally runes are found on various wooden items such as crosses. In Bergen, Norway, 110 "ownership tags" have been found, shaped in many cases so that they can be easily attached to goods or merchandise. Several runic "business memos" have also been discovered in Bergen, usually on a wooden stick which has been whittled flat on at least one side, with the most usual type having four flat sides for inscription. Since the runes occurred in a fixed order, carpenters and construction workers used them to label wooden roof beams for churches so that they went up in the correct order. The oldest runes discovered in Norway date from 400 AD. They were based upon the 24 - rune Elder Futhark of Germanic origin. Two of the runes in the Elder Futhark, Pertra and Eoh, have never been found in any Norwegian rune text. From 550 AD to 700 AD there was a transition period between the older 24-rune Futhark and the newer 16-rune Futharks. By the end of this period, the 24-rune Futhark went completely out of use and the 16-rune Futharks had prevailed. Then, about 900 AD, the Shorttwiggs-runes were introduced from Sweden. Shortly thereafter, from 1000 AD, Futharks with more than 16 runes became more prevalent, as these were more consistent with the Latin alphabet. These types of runes were used in Norway up to 1800 AD. After the end of the Viking period the runes became more and more in common use by ordinary people. A lot of rune inscriptions from the end of 1100's, 1200's and 1300's, the so-called town runes, show that it was not only the professional scribes who wrote runes. Even the ordinary people had learned the art of reading and writing runes because runes were the most accessible tool for them and were useful in their mercantile trading. "Training sticks" have been found which were used to learn runes, showing that more people could write and read than one had previously believed. It is interesting that knowledge of runes

Medical Law and Ethics Discussion Questions Essay - 1

Medical Law and Ethics Discussion Questions - Essay Example Since doctors and other healthcare professionals are highly exposed to malpractice lawsuits due to the delicate nature of their patient treatments, they are forced to buy expensive malpractice insurance coverage in order to protect themselves from suits. Doctors choose to cover all their bases when treating patients by ordering a battery of tests which may or may not be necessary during the course of the patients treatment in order to have hard documentation that they took all possible courses of action during the patients treatment. Thus they oftentimes successfully prevent negligence instead of having to defend themselves from negligence accusations in the future. Common law is applied to cases wherein a judge decides on the outcome of the case. Therefore, common law is created by judges and based upon the merits of the current case or past precedents. Statutory law on the other hand is created by the legislative arm or government of a country. The government has the power to mete out what is deemed to be the proper punishment for certain crimes. Statutory laws also apply to judicial cases which the courts refer to the government for final decisions. The numbering system in public law, also known as the Key Number System is an indexing system used to organize case law materials. This method helps speed up the research time of legal professionals and insures that the material they find is accurate and relevant to their cases since the numbering system applies to the issues that cover the law one is looking up. Burden of proof refers to the evidence presented before the court of law by the prosecution or defense wherein they have to prove any and all accusations that they make against the complainant or defendant in the courts of law. They must present sufficient evidence to the courts in order to convince the judge or jury of their innocence or guilt. Subpoena is a Latin word that means

The Gifts of the Holy Spirit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Gifts of the Holy Spirit - Research Paper Example Christians believe in the existence of a single and most powerful superpower. They use the church for worship and education purposes. The church from a Christian point of view is not just the physical building, rather it constitutes the congregation as well as the believe system of the Christians. They are followers of Christ, and therefore do everything according to the teachings of the bible. In order to perform optimally in their activities, Christians are endowed with various gifts. These abilities enable them to perform both general and specialized duties and help each other in different ways. Believably, the gifs come from God and are given by the Holy Spirit to the deserving Christians. It is against this background that this paper provides an in depth analysis of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. It argues that all gifts of the Holy Spirit are for today but some have ceased and are inexistent. To ensure a coherent view, it begins by defining the concept of spiritual gifts. Defining a Spiritual Gift The concept of a spiritual gift is complex and all encompassing. A spiritual gift is akin to spirituals, implying that it belongs to the spirit. In addition to having characteristics of a holy spirit, the gift is controlled by the spirit. Generally, Boice defines it as a special capability given by God which enables Christians to serve the church effectively.1. They are supernatural in nature and Christians need them in order to fulfil different missions in the church environment. They are given graciously by God to any individual He feels can serve the church according to His wishes. From these considerations, individuals who are gifted do not earn the respective gifts. Neither do they deserve them. They are merely given sovereignty and freely by the Almighty God. They are not rewards and therefore everybody is entitled to them. Also worth appreciating is the recognition that all gifts are charismatic in nature. Put differently, all of these are given by God through the Holy Spirit. Based on the preceding explanation, it is certain that humans do not posses these gifts. They can be revoked at any time when God through the Holy Spirit feels that an individual is not using them as expected. They act as an ideal channel that the Holy Spirit uses to minister to the church. Christians in this sense are just instruments that are moulded to fit the spiritual expectations. In order to receive these gifts, the respective human soul needs to exhibit willingness. Only then can they be able to effectively utilize the gifts in line with the Godly expectations. An important characteristic of these gifts pertains to the recognition that they are closely related to natural abilities of an individual. Yet they also have a miraculous characteristic. This distinguishes them from the ‘normal’ abilities that the Christians have. To ensure optimal performance however, one is gifted with a gift that is closely related to his or her natural ability2. The gifts of the Hol y Spirit are for today. They are relevant to the church settings and used by the Christians to benefit themselves as well as the entire church. They can only be recognized and utilized when they are needed. Seemingly, some of the gifts of the Holy Spirit such as apostolic and the gifts of signs have ceased. To a great extent, this is attributable to the recognition that they are no longer needed by the church. The Gifts of the Holy Spirit Apostleship This gift is classified under the leadership category of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. According to Gangel, an apostle is a messenger who is sent by God with orders to deliver to a specific population3. An apostle is delegated authority by God through the Holy Spirit to represent Him in especially a foreign land. Biblically, apostles were the very initial leaders of the Christian church. They were commissioned by Jesus Christ to preach the gospel and ensure that is spreads to the entire globe. In this respect, apostles were a

Theoretical concepts of accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theoretical concepts of accounting - Essay Example Proponents of free market approach have also supported a wait and see approach in relation to economic and financial changes taking place all over the world. In fact, the free market proponents reject the idea of intervention by governments for the sake of adjusting the distracted economy, and have based their arguments on the claim that demand and supply forces interact to ultimately bring stability in the distracted economic conditions (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). However, malpractices of those charged with the governance and misuse of authority often overrun the expected balances to be attained in a free market model through demand and supply interaction (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). One of the most relevant and quotable example in this regard can be of the Enron Scandal, which obviously had nothing to do with the free market model and demand and supply forces, but government intervention to safeguard the interests of general public throu gh Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) was deemed appropriate (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan).... , under free market approach, shall be opted to enhance the role of market forces and when needed, government intervention, whether in the form of accounting regulations or other regulatory frameworks shall be introduced to ensure that no deviation from the objective of benefiting society and corporate entities takes place (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). Certainly, after the recent experiences of financial crisis and the increasing debate regarding the lack of ethical practices towards corporate governance and corporate social responsibility, the need to bring regulatory measures have been felt as never before (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). Before going into the details of differences between the assumptions underlying the capital market research and behavioural research, it is pertinent to understand what capital market research and behavioural research implies (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). The capital market research evalu ates the overall impact of financial reporting on investors only; whereas behavioural research takes into consideration the responses towards financial reporting by separate individuals, which is reflected by the decisions made by different users of financial statements. The assumptions for each of the research type are based on the nature of these researches (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). As for instance, under capital market research it is assumed that investors are the most important stakeholders who take into consideration the financial reporting by business entities to base their decisions upon them. On the other hand, the assumptions used under behavioural research are entirely contrasting to the capital market research, as it is assumed that every stakeholder,

Research on China's real estate housing price Paper

On China's real estate housing price - Research Paper Example Marketing research statistics that were taken in the past five years indicate that in the property market, role of pricing mechanism is to balance purchase and the rates of selling. In this study, we are attempting to examine the determinants of the housing prices in China, with a particular focus on the monetary variables. There are three main concerns, which motivate this study. These are the exploration of the general relationship that exists between the pricing of houses and the monetary policy, even though the Chinese experience might not be ideal. We also feel that it is important to use the non-linear modeling concept known as NARMAX that selects forms and lags structures in an automatic manner for the individual explanatory variables. Lastly, the study hopes to draw some essential policy implications for the housing prices management in China. BACKGROUND/HYPOTHESIS A fall in the housing prices that started in the year 2007 ultimately resulted to the worst economic recession a nd financial crisis in the world in nearly eight decades, or eighty years. However, underscoring this important debate is the more complex academic question regarding the relationship between asset price and monetary policy. The maintenance of price stability is largely considered to be the most fundamental monetary policy’s goal. In this framework, the price stability is usually defined as the consumer price index’s stability. In the years ensuing to the world financial crisis, the China experienced a period of fast growth in her Gross Domestic Product with modest consumer price index inflation. Thus, there was no need for the government to increase the rates of interest or even tightening the liquidity conditions. Since the global crisis, we find that there has been rising recognition among policymakers and economists that it is important that the central banks monitor asset prices together with the prices of goods. However, it is still not clear whether it is feasib le for the formal incorporation of asset prices into the objective function of monetary policy. Nevertheless, even if this is possible, it is quite difficult to control the asset prices as compared to the regulation of the prices of goods. In trying to establish real estate pricing in China, it is therefore important to consider answering the following question: What is the effect of monetary policy on asset prices? What are the determinants of real estate pricing in China? What are the trends in the house pricing in China? ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY/ LITERATURE REVIEW Hongli Z. 2011. The Relationship of House Price Rising Rate and GDP Growth Rate. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning. In this context it is well illustrated that the development of the real estate industry is very important to the people`s livelihood and the national economy. The real estate regulation is very significant content of the microeconomic regulation and it is also invariably controversial. The regulation of house pric e such as controlling the house price`s rising extent within the normal range is a Key to real estate regulation1. According to the calculations of the target range in house price regulation, the house price growth rate/GDP should be controlled within {- 0.31, 0.86} among the first-tier cities and [-0.42, 1.17] among the second inter-cities. China has made real estate regu

Week 5, Discussion 1, the Age of Reagan Essay Example for Free

Week 5, Discussion 1, the Age of Reagan Essay He was the 40th president of the United States. He put into practice extensive new political and financial schemes. Reagan supply-side economic strategies, dubbed Reaganomics, implementing reduced tax rates to prompt economic development, calculating the money supply to decrease price increases, deregulation of the financial system, as well as decreasing government expenditure. In his presidential address he called upon Americans to begin an era of national renewal. In order to solve the major problems those country faces like both overseas and household, Reagan stated his recognizable movement expression: Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem. He also stated that United State will again be the exemplar of freedom and a beacon of hope for those who do not have freedom. He advanced domestic strategies that attributed a reduction of federal government accountability in solving social troubles, dropping limitations on trade, as well as into practicing tax cuts. Worldwide, he established a violent resistance to the extent of collectivism all through the world and a tough mistrust of the Soviet Union, which in 1983 he tagged an evil empire. Reagan campaigner a rearmed and strong military in addition, to what was in particular helpful of the MX projectile scheme as well as the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) plan. His economic strategies came to be identified like Reaganomics, an effort, from the Cannon perspective in order to balance the federal budget, increase defense spending, and cut income taxes. The President Sweared to look after right programs for instance Medicare and Social Security. Although, cutting the exp enditure for social programs by targeting waste, fraud and abuse. He clinched the assumption of supply side economics, that hypothesized that tax cuts encouraged economic growth which in turn amplified the governments income at an inferior tax charge. References: Isbouts, J. Johnson, B. D. (Writers) Johnson, B. D. (Director). (1998). Powerplay: End of the empire [Television series episode]. In J. Florescu, J. Isbouts, B. Johnson (Executive producers), Inside the Cold War with Sir David Frost. Los Angeles, CA: Porchlight Entertainment

Muslim Empires Essay Example for Free

Muslim Empires Essay The Ottoman Turks consisted of Turkic-speaking nomadic people who had spread westward from Central Asia in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. They were located in the northwestern corner of the peninsula, which allowed them to expand westward and eventually take over empires between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. The sultan was the supreme authority in both a political and a military sense. Administrative and military power were centralized under the bey, who was only a tribal leader, tribal law was before Muslim law. The Ottoman authorities were Sunni Muslims. The sultan assigned duties to a supreme religious authority, who then maintained a system of schools to educate Muslims. There were some who believed in Sufism or other doctrines, but the government allowed it as long as they were still loyal to the empire. Non-Muslims had to pay a head tax since they were exempt from military service. The Ottoman Empire was divided into four main occupational groups: peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral people. Shah Ismail founded the Safavid Dynasty. The Safavids was a mixed society like the Ottoman Empire; majority of the population were Iranian. They used the Shi’ite faith, and Shi’ism was declared the state religion. Like the Ottoman’s sultan, the Safavids had their shahs who would check up on their people. This empire was not as wealthy as the Ottomans and the Mughals. Their greatest area of productivity was in textiles. The founder of the Mughal Dynasty is known as Babur. Ruling of the dynasty was passed down from Babur to his son, Humayun, and then to his grandson, Akbar. As emperor, Akbar didn’t just focus on the views of Muslim but also gave Christian views a chance. He later formed a new type of worship called the Divine Faith, which combined characteristics of different religions. He believed in having a harmonious society, which meant each individual and group would play their assigned role and contribute their part to society. This dynasty was the last of the great traditional Indian dynasties. All three of the empires were Muslim, and they all displayed an impressive capacity to create and run a large empire. The Muslim World was protected by the military and political abilities of these empires. Unlike their European counterparts, these empires continued to thrive.

The Rational Decision Making Essay

The Rational Decision Making Essay Rational decision making, along with the thinking process that it involves, is a subject that has been vastly researched, both theoretically and empirically, and many different opinions have been, therefore, stated, since decision making is perhaps the most crucial part of human behaviour. As a result, a variety of social scientists have, at some point of their activity, occupied themselves with it and especially with its assumptions and their consequences. This essay will attempt to answer the question of what is a rational decision, by contrasting the classical to the behavioural approach of rational decision making, along with the perfect and the bounded rationality assumptions that accompany them, as well as the conditions under which they hold true. It will also, through this process, try to show that the classical approach lacks realism that would promote its widespread applicability and will further elaborate on the more realistic concept of bounded rationality. Moreover, a key part of the behavioural decision making, the heuristics process, will be presented and will serve as a bridge to the second part of the essay, which will analyse biases, the, perhaps, most important category of barriers to rational choice in organisations. Lastly, ways of overcoming those biases debiasing techniques will be demonstrated. But first, in order to decompose the essay question, two definitions will be given regarding the rational thinking and the decision making procedure. According to Baron, rational thinking is the desirable kind of thinking that each of us would want to do, if we knew our best interests, in order for our goals to be achieved in the best possible way, the ultimate of which is utility maximisation (2000, p.5). Furthermore, we are involved in a decision making process, when we choose an action of what to do or not so as to achieve a goal, after having judged a particular situation and evaluated the different possible outcomes (Baron, 2000, pp.6-8). This judgement can be spontaneous or thorough, it can be perfect or satisfactory, depending on the different theories and their elements that will be described in the main body of this essay that follows. Rational reasoning and decision-making: The two theories A rational decision is one taken under the conditions of either perfect or bounded rationality, depending on which of the two completely opposed theories is taken into consideration in order to explain our behaviour. Although these two theories are totally contradictory, a general model of rational behaviour which fits both of them was described by Simon. More specifically, he wrote that every rational behaviour incorporates some common elements such as that the decision maker will analyse only a subset of numerous decision alternatives, out of which process, possible choice outcomes will occur. Then, according to an exact pay-off function, in the classical theory, or approximate, in the behavioural one, value or utility is allocated by the decision maker to each of the possible outcomes, and the one with the higher value is finally chosen (1955, p.102). However, the two theories assume very different things and entail alterative consequences in their effort to account for a rational decision. The classical, also referred to as normative, the one that assumes perfect rationality and utility maximisation in all decisions, derives from the traditional economic theory and portrays an economic man, who, while allocating scarce resources, is also rational. He is aware of all the relevant aspects of his complex and immense environment, his system of preferences is stable and well-organised and he is so skillful in computation, that he can calculate by himself the produced utility of all the possible actions that can occur as a result of his decision and eventually, choose the one with the highest (Simon, 1955, p.99; Simon, 1979, p.493). In addition, it is possible for us to, correctly or not, predict human behaviour without actually observing it. We are able to do that, because of the way that the environment, in which this whole process t akes place, is shaped (Simon, 1979, p.496). On the other hand, the behavioural theory of rational decision-making, that originates from the theory of institutionalism the transformation of the economic theory in order to include the tied to market transactions, legal structures and is based on the concept of bounded rationality, is not as simple and brief and does not make as strong and absolute assumptions about the human cognitive system as the classical theory does. The knowledge and computational skills that the human agents possess are realistic and much weaker than the same that are taken for granted in the previous outlined theory of utility maximisation. People, in this theory, are not expected to equate costs and return at the margin, as Simon puts it. Instead, the idea of satisficing is introcuded, where humans, far from optimising, try to achieve, through their rational, but less competent than in the classical theory, reasoning, an acceptable, in terms of the gained utility, threshold. To put it plainly, lacking knowledge of relevant outcomes probabilities and of external environments state, non accurate evaluation of all possible outcomes and weak human memory are key factors for the bounded rationality theme (1979, pp.495-496, 499). Elaborating a bit further on the concept of deciding under the bounded rationality context, two are the main mechanisms that are needed in order for a decision to be made: the idea of search and that of satisficing. The decision maker must search for the alternatives for choice, if they are not given to him initially, so a theory of search needs to be included in the bounded rationality model. Moreover, because the computational skills that people possess are limited and utility of all different possible choices can not be measured precisely, they have developed a minimum satisfaction level that they want to achieve with their outcomes value, terminating their search and choosing that particular decision. Another feature of this approach is that the predictions it makes, can be easily tested through observation and empirical phenomena (Simon, 1979, pp. 495, 502-503). In an attempt to show that the behavioural theory of rational decision making is superior to the classical one, two important flaws of the latter will be briefly presented and a general, relevant to both approaches, conclusion will be drawn. A major flaw, that originates from the unrealistic notion of the classical theory, is that agents decisions are made in a context in which all relevant, present details, future expectations and risks are incorporated, according to Kahneman, an assumption which rarely holds true (2003, p.706). Secondly, the, perhaps, most important pylon for the classical theory, utility maximisation, is severely challenged, since there is no existence of evidence that this is actually happening (Simon, 1979, pp.496-497). Connected to the previous fact is the economic model that indicates negative sloping demand curves which, according to Becker, do not necessarily portray rational behaviour that aims to utility maximisation, because there is evidence that people who use other irrational decision rules, find themselves in the exact same position (1962, pp.4-5). Conclusively, regarding the two presented theories, although in relatively simple and stable decision situations where uncertainty is not present, people seek and achieve maximisation of their personal expected utility function, there are serious deviations from this procedure, when, even slightly, complicated features are introduced in the decision process. The decision attempts in the latter context are explained by the behavioural theoretic model, in which the issue of bouned rationality plays a central role. This theory explains the wide variety of empirical observations that do not abide by the classical models assumptions (Simon, 1955, pp.103-104; Simon, 1979, pp. 497, 505-506). Heuristics and their twofold connection to decision-making A subject of major importance that is closely linked to the behavioural or descriptive theory of decision-making, is the heuristic technique. Heuristics have been adopted by people as responses to complex and uncertain decision-making situations and are mental shortcuts, sometimes unconscious, that help them reason in a continuous way (Hammond et al., 1998, p.47; Tversky and Kahneman, 1974, p.1124). They are generally part of humans problem-solving process and include very selective search through problem spaces that are often immense, as Simon explains. As soon as a satisfactory enough outcome is produced, the search ends and this decision is taken, as explained in the analysis of the behavioural theory above (1979, p.507). Heuristics are widely used for the reason that they regularly accomplish the goal(s) they were summoned for, making them the, probably, most reliable and with strong properties medium towards a rational decision (Simon, 1965, p.183). One of the most common heuris tic methods is representativeness, through which, probabilities of events are calculated in respect to how resemblant of an event is another. If the resemblance is high, then the probability that one of the events derives from the other is also high. Another way to attribute probabilities and frequencies to events, is through the availability or accessibility heuristic, which indicates that elements of large categories are more easily retrieved from our memory and therefore higher probabilities are assigned to them. Lastly, the anchoring and adjustment heuristic indicates that people begin their syllogism from a familiar starting point and, usually, their final decision lies not so far from it, being only mildly adjusted (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974, pp. 1124, 1127-1128; Hammond et al., 1998, p. 48). However, the second dimension that connects heuristics to decision-making is that, through them, barriers to rational choice, may be created. The, perhaps, most important category of suc h barriers, namely biases, will be presented in the following second part of the essay and potential ways of overcoming them will be demonstrated. Biases and ways to overcome them Because of the essays length limit, the sole barriers to rational decision-making that will be analysed are biases and will be featured along with some techniques that can soften their impact. Generally, the range of biases is really wide but there are some common causes that are responsible for most of them. Stimuli in judgement and evaluation are not translated in a linear mode, creating distortion in the reasoning process, is one of the causes. A second one, is the unconscious automatisation of humans cognitive action when they are trying to recall information from their memories and their choice between a narrow information base and finally the use of inferior strategies, due to lack in superior ones, is a third (Larrick, 2004, pp.319-320). The anchoring heuristic that was mentioned in the previous section of the essay can lead to biases that influence rational decisions. This happens because our thoughts and judgements are anchored by the first impression that we have on a situation and we rarely consider new perspectives to the situation, a fact that might lead to incorrect conclusions. Nevertheless, there are ways of overcoming this bias, such as being open-minded and viewing and adopting the cognitive strategy of considering the opposite, which alters the starting point of our reasoning (Hammond et al., 1998, p. 48; Larrick, 2004, p.323). In addition, a very common bias which severely influences rational choice in organisations is when decision makers tend to choose alternatives that do not affect much the status quo. This happens often because people rarely want to hold responsibility for an action that can lead to criticism from colleagues and prefer the safer course of doing nothing, that poses a less psychological risk to them. It is also the case, that when there are many alternatives to a decision, because more effort is required in order to analyse all of them, people usually stick to the status quo. A way of overcoming this particular bias, which can have general applicability as well, is through the adoption of the motivational strategy of accountability. This technique indicates that people should, at all times, be held responsible for their actions, or in the case of the status quo bias, the non-actions, and they will have to explain the logic behind their decision. As a result, they begin to consider alter native possible decisions and, what is important, they take into account that the attractiveness of the status quo can change over time, thereby learning to evaluate decisions not only in terms of the present but of the future as well (Hammond et al., 1998, pp. 48-50; Larrick, 2004, pp. 322-323). Lastly, a bias that strongly influences the rationale of our decisions, is the sunk-cost one. According to this, employees, involved in a decision-making process, the majority of whom are managers, continue to support past choices, even if they do not seem valid any more and not surpassing them involves more losses than gains. Although most people know that these sunk-cost decisions are not relevant to the present one, they influence their minds and often lead them to making improper decisions. The reason why people seem to not let aside those decisions, is because they are unwilling, consciously or not, to admit to a mistake, as Hammond et al. underline, since that would hurt their self-esteem. People in business environments where the penalties for bad decisions outcomes are high, do not have the motive to terminate any such decision-relevant results, because they are hoping that they will be able in the future to somehow generate gains from them. The most efficacious way to tackle the sunk-cost bias is to consult the views of people who did not take any part in the decision-making process and will likely not have a biased perspective concerning it (1998, pp. 50-52). In order to avoid the possibility of getting tangled into a sunk-cost bias situation, people can engage into the technological strategy of group decision-making, in which the effective sample size of experience used to make a decision is widened, and the particular bias is statistically less likely to occur, if the groups experience and training is diverse, according to Larrick (2004, pp.326-327). Conclusion To sum up the key points of the essay, concerning the first part about rational decision-making, the classical theory, although attractive and relatively simple to comprehend, lacks a great degree of realism and applicability, since it presupposes perfect rationality and flawless computational ability of possible decisions outcomes for all human agents, a fact that leads to utility maximisation. On the other hand, the behavioural decision-making theory has been developed in order to provide an explanation to many empirical findings and data, which illustrate humans as boundedly rational, meaning that instead of optimising, they are looking for a decision alternative that meets some minimal criteria that are set by them. One of the extensions of a behavioural theory are heuristics, which are standardised judgemental operations that deal with situations that demand reasoning and assessment of probabilities. However, traps that lead to systematic syllogisms distortion, a multitudinous c ategory of which, are biases, do exist and are sometimes caused by heuristic processes. They, nonetheless, can be confronted in several ways, the most important of which is awareness of their existence. Because human behaviour and decision-making are interlinked, more chapters in the theorisation of the latter, especially in more specific areas of it, are expected.